Sublime

grid-scale energy storage,

We need very large (multi-gigawatt-hour) storage for big cities and megacities, but so far the only viable option to serve them is pumped hydro storage (PHS): it uses cheaper nighttime electricity to pump water from a low-lying reservoir to high-lying storage, and its discharge provides instantly available generation.[76] With renewably generated

Which mix of clean energy sources will be the most efficient in a given place? Where should transmission lines go?

The model also showed that regional and national approaches to transmission—rather than leaving each state to its own devices—would allow every state to meet the emission-reduction goals with 30 percent fewer renewables than they would need otherwise.

of

nuclear fusion, carbon capture, and zero-carbon cement and steel?