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socioeconomic activity

Luis M. A. Bettencourt • Introduction to Urban Science: Evidence and Theory of Cities as Complex Systems

ecology, to sociology, to economics.

Luis M. A. Bettencourt • Introduction to Urban Science: Evidence and Theory of Cities as Complex Systems

The cities

Luis M. A. Bettencourt • Introduction to Urban Science: Evidence and Theory of Cities as Complex Systems

core-periphery model,

Luis M. A. Bettencourt • Introduction to Urban Science: Evidence and Theory of Cities as Complex Systems

urban scaling theory,

Luis M. A. Bettencourt • Introduction to Urban Science: Evidence and Theory of Cities as Complex Systems

to the corresponding population share,

Luis M. A. Bettencourt • Introduction to Urban Science: Evidence and Theory of Cities as Complex Systems

for increases in productivity.

Luis M. A. Bettencourt • Introduction to Urban Science: Evidence and Theory of Cities as Complex Systems

functional urban areas or, in less technical language, metropolitan areas.

Luis M. A. Bettencourt • Introduction to Urban Science: Evidence and Theory of Cities as Complex Systems

urban infrastructure and the spatial extent of cities scale sublinearly with population size.

Luis M. A. Bettencourt • Introduction to Urban Science: Evidence and Theory of Cities as Complex Systems