Sublime

les écrits de Herbert Spencer, l’homme qui a marqué de l’empreinte de son génie tout le champ de la recherche scientifique et de la pensée modernes, le père de la psychologie, l’homme qui a révolutionné la pédagogie, au point que le fils du paysan français apprend à lire, à écrire et à compter selon les principes qu’il a énoncés.

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Like many nineteenth-century reformers, what Carlyle wanted was not a world in which everyone was financially equal, but one in which both the elite and the poor would merit their inequalities. ‘Europe requires a real aristocracy,’ he wrote, ‘only it must be an aristocracy of talent. False aristocracies are insupportable.’ What Carlyle wanted – tho

John Amos Comenius, a Moravian bishop of the seventeenth century, a self-styled pansophist and pedagogue, is rightly considered one of the founders of the modern school. He was among the first to propose seven or twelve grades of compulsory learning. In his Magna Didactica he described schools as devices to “teach everybody everything” and outlined

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quindi, storicamente, il primo liberale – quello che, se ne abbiamo uno, è il nostro padre fondatore – è il grande saggista francese Michel de Montaigne.

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Friedrich Hayek, who has become an iconic figure among today’s conservatives, was a strong proponent of the idea. In his three-volume work Law, Legislation and Liberty, published between 1973 and 1979, Hayek suggested that a guaranteed income would be a legitimate government policy designed to provide insurance against adversity, and that the need