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The Emergence of Premodern States: New Perspectives on the Development of Complex Societies
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For example, economist George Steckel and anthropologist Jerome Rose (2002) examined health indicators for Prehispanic New World societies and found that the median health of individuals declined as societies grew more complex. This suggests social complexity emerges from mechanisms that promote coordinated behavior even if it is not in the best in
... See moreJessica C. Flack • Worlds Hidden in Plain Sight: The Evolving Idea of Complexity at the Santa Fe Institute, 1984–2019 (Compass)
An agrarian surplus sustained urban elites and their elaborate high culture. In the towns, an artisan class of legendary skill had sprung up to cater for these elites’ material demands.
John Darwin • After Tamerlane: The Rise and Fall of Global Empires, 1400-2000


Before 1400, an observer who was able to survey the world would have had few accurate clues as to which of the main civilizations in Eurasia would eventually assert a worldwide pre-eminence. China, the Islamic realm in Middle Eurasia, and Europe had each attained a high degree of socio-political organization and material culture.
John Darwin • After Tamerlane: The Rise and Fall of Global Empires, 1400-2000
Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies (20th Anniversary Edition)
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Our culture is an edifice built of externalized memories.