Sublime

Jamal Basha

In Saudi Arabia, Abdullah Yusuf Azzam (1941–89), professor of Islamic philosophy at King Abdulaziz University, used his influence among the country’s disaffected youth to promote an uncompromisingly belligerent interpretation of jihad that, he argued, was incumbent on all Muslims. “Jihad and the rifle alone,” Dr. Azzam proclaimed to his students. “

(and last) beat them66 (lightly);

kufiya

Zawata,

abaya

In 1988, another Muslim organization, Hamas, was founded. For Hamas’s followers, a central religious obligation was the liberation of all of historic Palestine from “Zionist occupation,” claiming that the land “from the river to the sea” was a Muslim waqf, or “endowment.” They vowed to wage holy war, or jihad, against Israel.

ghazals.