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The scene was set for Ferdinand and Isabella’s union of Aragon and Castile some time before their births. Aragonese elites had grown tired of being vassals to Catalan interests, and their chance arrived in 1410, with the death of the pleasingly-titled Martin the Humane in 1410. His death without heirs ended the House of Barcelona, and Aragonese... See more

Ferdinand and Isabella: The Marriage That Unified Spain | TheCollector

The reconquest of Spain from Muslim rulers by the mid thirteenth century had encouraged the opening of a regular sea route between the Mediterranean and the ports of the English Channel and the North Sea. Lisbon, Seville and later Cadiz became the connecting links between the Atlantic and Mediterranean systems. Long before Columbus, Atlantic Iberia

John Darwin • After Tamerlane: The Rise and Fall of Global Empires, 1400-2000

Pedro Girón Acuña Pacheco.

He was a powerful noble and the Grand Master of the Order of Calatrava, one of the most influential military orders in Castile. In 1466, Isabella’s half-brother, King Henry IV, arranged her betrothal to Pedro Girón as a political move to secure loyalty from the powerful Girón family.

However, just days after the betrothal

filibustero: pirata que durante el siglo XVII actuaba en el mar de las antillas y atacaba a los barcos que comerciaban con las colonias españolas de américa.

filigrana: adorno hecho con hilos de oro o plata que, entrelazados, forman un dibujo parecido a un encaje.

frazada: manta de cama gruesa y peluda que proporciona mucho calor.

fundo: explotación

Pesos: The Rise and Fall of a Border Family

Pietro La Greca Jr.

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Cover of Pesos: The Rise and Fall of a Border Family

The marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile is one of the most masterful pieces of political theater in history. It was far from a love-story — while, by all accounts, Ferdinand and Isabella were a cordial and possibly even happy couple, their union was the accumulation of hundreds of years of Spanish history, forged by war and... See more

Ferdinand and Isabella: The Marriage That Unified Spain | TheCollector

Ferdinand was the son of John II of Aragon and Juana Enríquez, both of Castilian origin

Thirty Years’ War | Summary, Causes, Combatants, Map, & Significance | Britannica

The forward move on to the American continent was the work not of princes or capitalists at home in Europe, but of gold-hungry frontiersmen spurred on by the rapid exhaustion of the islands’ deposits. Without the short-lived gold rush on the Caribbean islands and the nearby Tierra Firme, the impetus towards the territorial conquest of the mainland

John Darwin • After Tamerlane: The Rise and Fall of Global Empires, 1400-2000

galena: mineral compuesto de azufre y plomo, de color gris, que cristaliza en cubos.

galpón: construcción grande y techada que se emplea como taller mecánico, carpintería o depósito de mercancía.

gendarmería: cuerpo militarizado con funciones de policía. su nombre que en su origen se aplicaba en francia a toda tropa de "gentes de armas" que el señor