Sublime

A most remarkable diplomatic initiative, known as the Iwakura Mission, was launched. Senior Japanese diplomats voyaged around the world to establish new diplomatic relations with Europe and the United States and to study best practices abroad as the basis for Japanese reforms in many key areas, including the structure of government, central banking

Two days after Harris’s arrival in Shimoda, Jan Hendrik Donker Curtius (1813–1879), formerly the chief merchant of the Dutch trading station on Deshima but now the Netherlands government commissioner, sent (by way of the Nagasaki magistrate) a letter to the shogunate in which he urged that the policy of the closed country be abandoned.

science unique to Japan. What exactly was meant by “Japanese” technology?

In March 1932, in the midst of the Lytton Commission’s investigation, Kōjin published a special issue on Manchuria, calling the region “our Mecca, the most fertile place for the salvation of the engineers’ world.”6

Hirota cabinet (1936–37)

1938 the government created the Asia Development Agency (kōain)

Riken Zaibatsu in the late 1920s. He

Ming diplomacy was intended to secure the external conditions for internal stability. From that point of view, the famous voyages dispatched by the emperor Yung-lo around the Indian Ocean under the admiral Cheng-ho were an aberration, prompted perhaps by fear of attack by Tamerlane and his successors.