Sublime

in 1689 at Nerchinsk in south-eastern Siberia K’ang-hsi surrounded the Russian negotiators with a large army and forced them to renounce the whole vast area north of Manchuria – a defeat for Russian expansion that was not reversed until 1860.

Peter’s ‘symbolic reforms’ were meant to drive home the terrible urgency of political change. After his European tour in 1698, he imposed a ban on beards and personally cut off those of his leading nobles. Russian traditional dress – a loose robe or kaftan – was also outlawed, and ‘German dress’ was imposed.

In the end Zuo was victorious in the "great policy debate" and won permission to launch a very expensive campaign to crush Ya`qub Beg's emirate and reconquer Xinjiang for the Qing, which he did by 1877.

General Zhang Zhizhong

Hui warlord from Gansu, Ma Zhongying, who crushed the republic (Forbes 1986:112-27; Millward 2007:200-206).

Mises was born in 1881 in my hometown of Lvov, in what is now Ukraine.

September 3 Wang Lequan, the XUAR's party secretary, addressed a large crowd that had gathered to protest the government's…

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Chiang loyalist Wu Zhongxin