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opening assets is just one part of a broader goal to enable and nurture creative communities. And that this perspective gives a different way of viewing the largest digital platforms, and a more targeted response to their dominance.

Stewards of the information commons – and in particular organizations manag -ing open licensing frameworks and content-sharing platforms – are among those stakeholders who should face the challenge of mitigating risks and harms associ -ated with and caused by the open sharing of content as an information commons. These stakeholders need to... See more

they view the encyclopedia as a “consensus truth,” as one of them put it: It acts as a reality check in a society where facts are increasingly contested. That truth is less about data points — “How old is Joe Biden?” — than about complex events like the Covid-19 pandemic, in which facts are constantly evolving, frequently distorted and furiously... See more

Some Wikipedians remark that their endeavor works in practice, but not in theory.

Thanks to their digital nature, e-books are treated much differently. They can’t be resold or given away. A library that wants to lend e-books must buy a license from the copyright holder. These subscriptions can be limited to a number of reads, or by periods of a year or two. Everything is tracked. Libraries own nothing.

More research is needed in this context to understand the relationship between research institutions and commercial entities, particularly in light of the excep -tions for non-commercial and research uses.

• Thinking in Systems: A Primer by Donella H. Meadows: This is a classic book on systems theory that provides a great introduction to the concept.


• The Systems View of Life: A Unifying Vision by Fritjof Capra and Pier Luigi Luisi: This book offers a unified view of life, integrating life's biological, cognitive, social, and ecological dimensions.


• The

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