Kalyani Tupkary

While historical texts have long been subject to critical analysis, the formal and historical problems posed by graphic representations of time have largely been ignored. This is no small matter: graphic representation is among our most important tools for organizing information.*

Clock time is not what most people think it is. It was created, and it is frequently altered and adjusted to fit social and political purposes.

What do people need to understand? What are the edges of the map or diagram? What are you not mapping or diagramming? Where will other people see this map or diagram (e.g., on a wall, in a presentation, on paper)?

our biology is tethered to the sun, yet the clocks society uses to keep time are influenced by a tangled web of political and historical factors.

The design of our calendars — the way we arrange our days, weeks, and months — is a reflection of how we aspire to live our lives

This is a world in which time is not fluid, parting to make way for events. Instead, time is a rigid, bonelike structure, extending infinitely ahead and behind, fossilizing the future as well as the past. Every action, every thought, every breath of wind, every flight of birds is completely determined, forever… In a world of fixed future, life is