Many of us, including Apple, continue to have the dream of “the automated factory.” However, even after spending millions of dollars on automating its production, Apple has always reverted back to use humans instead of robots.

Building production is also characterized by a great deal of uncertainty and factors outside the builder’s control. The physical environment is often difficult to predict (whoops, we got seven days of rain, whoops, we found a huge boulder when we were excavating), as is the cultural and regulatory environment (whoops, the zoning board is making us... See more