The troublemakers, although still very much of a problem, are actually few and far between, perhaps five percent of the population.

The cognitive challenge of surviving in increasingly larger social groups selected for increases in brain size and function.

inhibition. It seems that sociocognitive evolution has occurred in the experimental foxes as a correlated by-product of selection on systems mediating fear and aggression.

In humans, however, there are mirror neurons that correspond to movements all over the body, and they fire even when there is no goal;40 in fact, the same neurons are active even when we only imagine an action.

English Victorian version of a Renaissance man, Francis Galton. Galton wore many hats. He was an anthropologist, tropical explorer (Southwest Africa), geographer, sociologist, geneticist, statistician, inventor, meteorologist, and was also considered the father of psychometry,

30-millisecond (ms) exposure to happy, neutral, and angry faces (too fast to consciously register that a face was even seen) will cause you to have measurable facial muscle reactions that correspond to the happy and angry faces

After thirty years of clever research looking for TOM in other animals, evidence for it is lacking. It appears to be present to a limited degree in chimpanzees,35 but that is it so far.

in order to understand the mental states of others, we literally simulate their mental state.

men only report sadness with a double affiliation: a close, ingroup member.