The traditional solutions - fact-checking, media literacy, content moderation - assume we’re dealing with a content problem when we’re actually facing an infrastructure problem. You can’t fact-check your way out of a system designed to reward misinformation. You can’t educate your way around algorithms optimized for polarization. You can’t moderate

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Taken together, we can combine them into what we might call a hierarchy of information :

• Raw data: the endless stream of posts, likes, bot spam


• Information: headlines, hashtags, trending things


• Knowledge: the narratives we share and fight over.


• Understanding: recognizing what might not be real (or is hyperreal)


• Wisdom: systemic analysis, the ability to

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our mass communication system is increasingly privatized, and optimized for profit and power, not necessarily for truth or public good.