trust infrastructure is perhaps our only answer to creating an expressive and liberal internet that achieves the same goals of illiberal social credit systems without creating a Google Internet Corp. that controls the entire web.

Afzalan and Mulle r (2018) conclude that issues around privacy, ethics, security and equity should still remain key considerations when exploring online participation.

The defining difference between web 1.0 and the platforms that dominate today is not technological sophistication but moral architecture. Early online communities were transparent about process and purpose. They exposed how information was created, corrected and shared. That visibility generated accountability. People could see how the system... See more