A staggering 91 per cent of all the plastic waste ever produced has not been recycled and has either been burned, put into landfill or is simply in the environment.61

There are two main policy ideas that come out of the story of formula marketing that inform how we should consider the regulation of NOVA class 4 foods. First, the people who make policy and inform policy should not take money directly or indirectly from the food industry. Second, the best way to increase rights and freedoms is to restrict

Coke helped Blair establish that non-profit group, the Global Energy Balance Network,63 which promoted the message that there was no compelling evidence of a significant link between sugar-sweetened beverages and obesity.64 Coke funded all those papers I listed earlier, by Blair, Hill and Katzmarzyk.65, 66 Coke even funded an entire national

When any industry funds research, the findings are typically biased in favour of the funder73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78 – not in every single study, but overall this pattern is very consistent. This is true even for the pharmaceutical industry, which operates in an extraordinarily regulated research environment in which regulators have absolute power

The tactic of Coca-Cola, and other UPF companies, has been to create jigsaw pieces that look like they might fit, but in fact they aren’t part of the puzzle at all. The jigsaw box fills up with thousands of misleading pieces, papers and data points, which make it nearly impossible to assemble. Too many pieces just don’t fit together.

Perhaps Nestlé thought it was doing good when it went up the Amazon. In a New York Times piece from 2017, Sean Westcott, then head of food research and development at Nestlé, is quoted as saying obesity was an unexpected side effect of making cheap food widely available: ‘We didn’t expect what the impact would be.’ It is surprising though, that a

In a speech he gave, Ahmet Bozer, former president of the Coca-Cola Corporation, was clear about the purpose of his company. He talked about how to create yet more growth for a brand that would seem to have conquered the world: ‘Because of the fact that half of the world’s population have not had a Coke in the last 30 days and the fact that there

If dietary trends continue, per-capita greenhouse-gas emissions from empty calories (calories without significant additional nutritional value) are estimated to nearly double by 2050. In Australia, for example, UPF consumption is already estimated to contribute more than a third of the total diet-related environmental effects.fn127

So, Davis immediately proposed a treatment for Earl: ‘Bound by a promise to do nothing, or leave nothing undone, to his detriment, we put a small glass of cod liver oil on his tray for him to take if he chose.’ Cod liver oil was, at the time, the only edible source of vitamin D.fn45 Over the first three months of the experiment, Earl drank the