Although the Protectorate Treaty signed in 19o5 authorized Japan to represent Korea in international affairs (and thus authorized the signing of the Kando Treaty), the absence of the required signature of the Korean emperor Kojong on the Protectorate Treaty has generated disputes over the validity of both the Protectorate Treaty and the Kando

caught up in the political struggles between Japan and Chinese national powers.

nation formation rather than nation,

The national and colonial powers had encouraged peasant migration from North China and Korea, respectively.

analysis of triangular politics, which entails a revision in the historiography of political and economic development and Chinese nation formation in Manchuria.

The derivative idea of nation is seen to perpetuate the colonial condition in terms of their identities and cultures even after liberation from colonial rule.

Zhang Zuolin, merchants, and Japan were bedfellows who simultaneously shared territorial and capitalist desires and competed to fulfill them.

partial inclusion

As for Japanese history, the study of Manchuria focuses on a range of