The interconnections are usually a bit more difficult to determine, but they’re everything that brings the function of a system to life.

Emergence is often the most difficult part to detect and understand, but once you understand it, you’ll be able to think about and predict outcomes from seemingly unrelated things.

Weinberg, the author of An Introduction of General Systems Thinking, asks three systems thinking questions that could be a good foundation for understanding any issue in any situation. These questions are: 1. Why do I see what I see? 2. Why do things stay the same? 3. Why do things change?[iv]

Professor John Gerber at the University of Massachusetts identifies the following four structures: “1. Physical things — like vending machines, roads, traffic lights, or terrain. 2. Organizations — like corporations, governments, and schools. 3. Policies — like laws, regulations, and tax structures. 4. Ritual — habitual behaviors so ingrained that

For example, everybody works hard to make the country’s economy flourish, yet there is a constant economic decline. Why? Systems mapping and systems dynamics modeling can answer this question and help us understand the system’s behavior over time. By understanding the behavior, we can find the causes as to why the economy is not performing well des

Emergence is the natural way things come together. When we talk about emergence, we are talking about the outcome that happens when different items interact with each other.

systems thinking, which is deemed to look at things in their complex nature.

Donella Meadows, the mother of systems thinking, put interconnectedness in a more explicit explanation: “A system is a set of related components that work together in a particular environment to perform whatever functions are required to achieve the systems objective.”

focus on three things, according to Balle, the author of Managing with Systems Thinking: Making Dynamics Work for You in Business Decision Making. Detect patterns, not just events. Use circular causality (feedback loops, which I will present later in this book). Focus on the relationships, rather than the parts.[v]