For constructive capitalists, business isn’t merely a zero-sum game to be won. Rather, it is, as Twitter CEO Evan Williams remarked to me when revealing Twitter’s nascent philosophy, “a force for good in the world.”2

So here’s a general rule for participation: whoever is affected by the firm’s actions should have the right to participate, with preference given to those affected most.

a new kind of scale economy for the twenty-first century: economies of cycle. The more intensely, frequently, and durably that resources can be cycled, the more average costs drop, because each cycle amortizes and offsets the fixed costs of production, like plants, property, and people.

Participation means that those affected most by managerial decisions have the right to take part in them. Deliberation means that participants can reason, not just vote, to reveal different perspectives and values. Association means public spaces for that deliberation to take place unencumbered. And dissent is the only path to a truly meaningful, a

•There’s almost no industry that’s free of conflict. Do you understand how, when, and where conflict happens in your industry, systematically and chronically? Which anticompetitive moves are business as usual, hardwired into negotiations, contracts, and perhaps even mental models?

“Disrupt yourself before someone else comes along and does it. Everyone says someone will come along and replace Google. We think it should be Google.”

industrial era capitalism’s cornerstones undercount costs (ignoring many flavors of loss and damage) and overcount benefits (overstating how much products and services make people durably, tangibly, and meaningfully better off).

That’s resilience, and it happens by crafting a philosophy that emphasizes the first, fundamental principles of value creation, rather planning a strategy focused on value extraction.

socio-productivity, the ability to create not just more (of the same old) “product,” but “impossible” new economic arenas: those that are worth the most to people, communities, society, and future generations, because value is “impossibly” thick. Socio-productivity means being consistently able to create new industries, markets, categories, and seg