As AI moves from models to systems to agents, intelligence will no longer be something we extract from a model, but something that emerges dynamically through interaction and adaptation. Just as human intelligence emerges from networks of neurons, AI’s intelligence will emerge from interactions between systems.

First Dimension: Technical Evolution

• From Models to Systems: The shift from isolated models to integrated systems capable of processing information and adapting to their environment


• From Systems to Agents: The emergence of autonomous entities that can perceive, reason, and act toward goals


• From Agents to Collectives: The development of agent networks

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This architectural understanding sets the stage for the emergence of social intelligence. When multiple intelligent systems interact, they create new possibilities for perception (shared sensing), reasoning (collective problem-solving), and action (coordinated behavior).

This is a critical change in how we should think about AI. A model alone is like an isolated cognitive process—capable of specific computations but limited in scope. A system is more like the integrated cognitive architecture—coordinating multiple processes, maintaining goal awareness, and adjusting its behavior based on context and feedback. This... See more

In nature, simple rules give rise to complex behavior. A single ant follows pheromone trails, but an ant colony collectively optimizes food-gathering strategies, adjusts to environmental changes, and builds intricate structures—none of which any individual ant understands. Intelligence emerges not from a single unit, but from the interactions... See more

Complex systems, like ecosystems or markets, show us that intelligence thrives in networks. AI will follow a similar path. Rather than building bigger, monolithic models, the future lies in creating modular systems. Smaller components—each specialized for a task—work together to solve problems. This modularity offers resilience. A single component... See more

Complex systems rarely evolve in straight lines. Instead, they move through phases of rapid growth, stagnation, and adaptation. As systems become more sophisticated, the interaction between perception, reasoning, and action becomes increasingly complex. Simple systems might exhibit a linear flow: perceive, reason, act. But advanced intelligence... See more