When humble people, doing lowly work, are not also solving problems, nobody is apt to solve humble problems.

Existing divisions of labor multiply into more divisions of labor by grace of intervening added activities that yield up new sums of work to be divided. To me, the D + A nD formula seems a handy way of expressing the process,

At the time Washington was designated to be the capital of the young United States, Americans seem almost universally to have believed that because it was to be the capital, it was destined to become a great commercial and industrial city too, a London, Paris or Rome. But cities simply cannot be “explained” by their locations or other given

Division of labor is a device for achieving operating efficiency, nothing more. Of itself, it has no power to promote further economic development. And because it does not, division of labor is even extraordinarily limited at improving operating efficiency in any given work. All further increases in efficiency, once existing work has been suitably

Efficiency as it is commonly defined—and I do not propose to change its definition, which is clear and useful—is the ratio of work accomplished to energy supplied. We can speak of high or low rates of efficiency because, in any given instance, we have two relevant factors to measure: input of energy, and quantity and quality (value) of work

We have been considering three different processes by which organizations can first become exporters: • They can add the export work to other people’s local work. • They can add the export work to different local work of their own. • They can export their own local work. The significant fact about these processes is that they all depend directly on

A circumstance still more persuasive than comparative growth rates within a nation suggests that the process of import replacing may be the chief cause of economic expansion. Consider the fact that when cities rapidly replace imports, three direct results follow: 1. The sum total of economic activity expands rapidly. 2. Markets for rural goods

Offhand, one might suppose that large organizations with their many divisions of labor would be much more prolific at adding new work to old than would small organizations. But this is not so. In a large organization, nearly all the divisions of labor, no matter how many there are, must necessarily be sterile in this respect. The various goods and

In all the cases so far mentioned, the export work not only arose upon the different local work; it was suggested by the local work. The producers, when they began their local work, had no foreknowledge of the export work they were eventually to create. But sometimes the sequence of suggestion is reversed. That is, a person planning to create an