stages, a business needs to think differently about three elements of its organization: its structures, its processes, and its cultural norms.

To become a design thinker, you must develop the stance, tools, and experiences that facilitate design thinking. Stance is your view of the world and your role in it. Tools are the models that you use to understand your world and organize your thinking. Experiences are what build and develop your skills and sensitivities over time.

creativity and innovation. To

because you literally don't know what you aredoing. The high cost helps explain why so much research into mysteries is conducted in universities, government-funded labs, and other not-for-profit entities.

So they build up permanent departments staffed by fungible people in permanent slots.

We develop heuristics-rules of thumb-that guide us toward a solution by way of organized exploration of the possibilities.

independent inventors, small invention-focused firms, and academic researchers produce a share of discoveries wildly disproportionate to the resources they apply to the task.

Delighting the customer also meant thinking about what the device was really meant to do.

The true first step of reasoning, he concluded, was not observation but wondering. Peirce named his form of reasoning abductive logic.