The Book of Why

the question of representation needs to precede the question of acquisition.

doing, entails predicting the effect(s) of deliberate alterations of the environment and choosing among these alterations to produce a desired outcome.

The second model, on the other hand, shows that to explain the stability of success from one generation to the next, we only need explain the stability of the genetic endowment of the population (talent).

How can machines acquire causal knowledge?

Should a confounder be a common cause of both X and Y or merely correlated with each?

If B is unobservable, then there is no way of estimating the effect of X on Y without running a randomized controlled experiment.

P(L | do(D)).

if we have a node with two parents, the conditional probability table has to take into account the four possible states of both parents.

is the effect of D on L direct or indirect? And if both, how do we assess their relative importance?