For High Throughput data, Grab uses Apache Avro with a strategy called Merge on Read (MOR) .

Here's the main operations with Merge on Read:

• Write Operations - When data is written, it's appended to the end of a log file. This is much more efficient than merging it in the current data and reduces the latency of writes.


• Read Operations - When you need

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For low throughput data, Grab uses Parquet with Copy on Write (CoW) .

Here's the main operations for Copy on Write:

• Write Operations - Whenever there's a write, you create a new version of the file that includes the latest change. You can also keep the previous version for consistency and rollback purposes. This helps prevent data corruption,

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