“Overcoming Modernity.”

different segments of society, which allows for the weaving of policy-making history, intellectual history, and cultural history into a history of science, nationalism, and modernity in Japan.

the name “Kōjin” was inappropriate. They found out that the compound kōjin, which initially appeared so symbolically suited to their organization, meant a “coolie” in Chinese.

The answers this book provides reveal highly complicated and contested discourses of what science was, what Japan was, and what Japanese modernity was.

First, it meant the independence of technology from law-bureaucrats in Japan.

City of Tokyo, for example, had such a negative reputation among engineers

new zaibatsu’s management was based on a fresh principle: the new zaibatsu took a form that united companies with technology,

As the next section demonstrates, the war with China brought the much-needed momentum to the technocratic movement.

However, much to the engineers’ frustration, the technocratic movement struggled to grow. The Kōjin Club lost almost four-fifths of its members at the end of the 1920s