However, with the rise of Chinese nationalism in the late 1920s demanding the unification of China, including Manchuria, tensions surrounding the region became extremely high.

The simultaneous promotion of Eastern ethics and Western science and technology had worked well.

did not reach any conclusions about how to overcome modernity, let alone what overcoming modernity meant;

Rather, a critical discourse analysis, in the words of Norman Fairclough, aims “to map three separate forms of analysis onto one another: analysis of (spoken or written) language texts, analysis of discourse practice (processes of text production, distribution and

To him, to be scientific meant to experience and appreciate the wonder of nature.

Such a self-serving logic was a typical rationalization of Japanese colonialism among technocrats, to whom Manchuria was especially attractive because of its natural resources and flexible political system.16

Manchuria to be vacant land

new zaibatsu’s management was based on a fresh principle: the new zaibatsu took a form that united companies with technology,

Hirota cabinet (1936–37)