Braungart views the world as a series of metabolisms in which the creations of human beings, like the creations of nature, become “food” for interdependent systems, returning to either an industrial or a biological cycle after their useful life is completed.

Initially, the manufacturing of Hypercars would reduce the U.S. steel industry’s tonnage by about a tenth and raise carbon-fiber production volume by about a hundredfold.

switching from chemical engineering to biological techniques

The result can be illusory gains in income and permanent losses in wealth.”

Increasing degraded soil’s carbon content at plausible rates58 could absorb about as much carbon as all human activity emits.

to one another with the product kept in continuous flow. The goal is to have no stops, no delays, no backflows, no inventories,

A key variable in production levels is clearly how long the widgets last. If

nearly universal U.S. practice of providing “free” parking occupying up to several times as much area as workers’ office space,

based on the needs of people rather than business.