Making the Modern World: Materials and Dematerialization

data also show that packaging and paperboard accounted for about 64% of the output in 2010, followed by coated papers (11%, for writing and printing), newsprint (about 8%), and household and sanitary paper (about 7%).

but it produces about 22 GJ of black liquor per ton of pulp, and burning that by-product energy can make a mill a net energy producer.

all affluent countries its per capita consumption has declined, but aggregate demand has risen substantially as wood retained and actually expanded all but a few of its traditional markets.

Modern commercial flight depends on the reinforced concrete that forms the runways, approaches, and aprons of airports: they must withstand the repeated traffic of airplanes with a mass commonly between 150 t (Boeing 737) and 277 t (Airbus 380); runway concrete is up to 1.5 m thick and the longest runways are 3600–4000 m long.

Consequently, in 1950, the average built area was about 27

The global market for liquid oxygen reached about 75 Gm3 in the year 2000 and it was more than 150 Gm3 in 2010

mines.

5 g/W.

a single PVC bottle in a load of 10 000 PET bottles can ruin the entire melt