Introduction to Urban Science: Evidence and Theory of Cities as Complex Systems

permanent settlements can become cultural self-constructed niches, where interdependence between humans and a set of technologies and rules of conduct become common to all and

Criminologists and sociologists would argue vigorously against crime being an individual rational decision based on an economic trade-off. They would propose instead that it is primarily a human ecological effect, resulting from a complex life-course accumulation of opportunities, accidents, and choices for adaptive individuals in complex environme

Proportionality to origin and destination populations. In

Once most consumers are urban, economies of scale and reduced transportation costs work together to produce the spatial concentration of population, production, and consumption, creating an instability toward urbanization:

A fundamental process at work in all urban environments is a deep division of labor and knowledge among people and organizations.

those policies targeted at universal primary education have had tremendous progressive consequences over the long term, while others had less impact.

Sociologists measure power and influence in terms of the structural positions of agents (nodes) in complex networks.

subsistence human society33

(measured as the cost of gasoline) and more valuable agricultural rents.

Standard Occupational Classification (SOC)