India Strikes Pakistan, Which Vows to Respond

As is the case with the Middle East and the Israel-Arab and Israel-Palestinian disputes, it is possible to speak of the region’s modern history in a shorthand of wars—1947, 1965, 1971, and 1999—and periodic near wars. Kashmir was at the center of many of these, although the 1971 conflict was triggered by widespread repression in East Pakistan that

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Pakistan is thought to have the world’s fastest-growing nuclear arsenal. There have been several crises that led to wars, and the possibility exists for nuclear weapons to be introduced in a war growing out of historical resentments, the dispute over Kashmir (which intensified in 2019 following India’s decision to revoke much of its autonomy), or P

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India and Pakistan now represent two of the world’s nine nuclear weapon states. India first tested a nuclear device in 1974, in part as a response to China’s development of nuclear weapons. India and China fought a short war in 1962 that China won easily, and the two continue to view each other warily. The border between them remains in dispute, de

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