Dave Brubeck popularized 5/4 meter with his immensely successful recording of Paul Desmond’s composition “Take Five,”

Johnny Hodges play “Come Sunday” on the recording of Duke Ellington’s debut Carnegie Hall concert on January 23, 1943.

Ah, but listen to how Oliver plays the notes. By shrewdly manipulating his trumpet mute, Oliver could take a single note, an E-flat in this instance, and work wonders with it. He could turn it into a sensual moan, an aggressive growl, a bemused wah-wah, or a baby crying for Mama. The narrowness in the note selection hardly matters—in fact, it makes

around four hundred thousand commercial jazz recordings released during the last century.

The jazz performers of the twenty-first century, in contrast, have benefited from academic programs and professional training unavailable to their predecessors.

The Renaissance emerged around the same time that the Black Death spread through Florence.

I don’t think it’s mere coincidence that jazz first emerged in New Orleans.

cool jazz.’ The contrast with bebop could hardly be more striking.

So I have made my attempt to simplify the extraordinary diversity and multiplicity of jazz today into these four themes: globalization, hybridization, professionalization, and rejuvenation.