The German architect and designer Peter Behrens has been credited with being the first industrial designer in history.

This kind of designing follows some basic presuppositions: every community practices the design of itself; every design activity begins with recognition that people are practitioners of their own knowledge; what the community designs is an inquiry or learning system about itself; every design process involves a statement of problems and

Perhaps the most well-known and bombastic example is the Situationists.

This rejection of capitalocentrism is significant for designers because it provides a framework to assess other models of design practices—institutions in themselves—that already have, currently do, or might in the future coexist with capitalism.

anti-design collectives such as Superstudio, Archizoom Associati, Gruppo Strum, and Gruppo 9999 shared a critical approach

Importantly, this shift to a circular economy is not about reducing the negative impacts of a linear economy based on the production and disposal of goods but about implementing an entire systemic shift that “builds long-term resilience, generates business and economic opportunities, and provides environmental and societal benefits.”

In sociological terms, a society reaches the “postindustrial” stage when the economy shifts from predominantly producing goods in the form of objects and physical products to primarily providing services.

This is called the labor theory of value.* The difference between the value added by labor and the wage paid to the worker is a surplus value, which transfers to the capitalist owner in the form of profit.

Capitalism can exist only with constant growth, so it constantly creates needs.