Seemingly contradictory calls to lock up and to save Black people dueled in legislatures around the country but also in the minds of Americans. Black leaders joined with Republicans from Nixon to Reagan, and with Democrats from Johnson to Bill Clinton, in calling for and largely receiving more police officers, tougher and mandatory sentencing, and

Recent scholars have argued that the pirate crews that terrorized the West Indies were surprisingly multiracial in their composition, with Africans constituting more than 20 percent of the onboard population.