The great biologist D’Arcy Thompson once said: “Everything is the way it is because it got that way.” If he is right—if everything is the way it is because it got that way—then every science must be, in part, a historical science.

it’s the transaction between you and it, and this context, which creates the value.

Musician and innovator Brian Eno answers his own question—“What is cultural value and how does that come about?”—in “A Big Theory of Culture” (1997).

The vast mass of routinely rational human behavior doesn’t make good novels, but it is just such humdrum rational narrative that provides the background pattern that permits us to make sense, retrospectively, of the intriguing vagaries we encounter, and to anticipate the complications that will arise when the trains of events they put in motion col

Culture is a way of getting people to that point of understanding. The work of a lot of modern culture is to say to people: You’re making value.

Between randomness and routine lie the good stories, whose

intentional stance: the strategy of analyzing the flux of events into agents and their (rational) actions and reactions. Such agents—people, in this case—do things for reasons, which can be predicted—up to a point—by cataloguing their reasons, their beliefs and desires, and calculating what, given those reasons, the most rational course of action f

A benefit by itself is not explanatory; a benefit in a vacuum is indeed a sort of mystery. Until it can be shown how the benefit actually redounds to enhance the replicative power of a replicator, it just sits there, alluring, perhaps, but incapable of explaining anything.

languages, practices, ceremonies, edifices, methods, tools, myths, music, art, and so forth that compose that culture.