Boundary Objects : Shared artifacts (e.g., 3D models, sketches, reports) that mediate professional-citizen collaboration.

Clear Problem Statement – Must “SPARK” (Specific, Positive, Actionable, Relevant, Keep-open-ended).

Principles of Ucodesign : Equal participation of citizens and professionals, open problem framing, feedback loops, and creative facilitation.

Framework : Based on IAP2’s participation spectrum (inform, consult, collaborate, empower) – simplified into three categories:

1. Information – One-way communication (authorities → citizens).
   
   
   Examples : Official documents, newsletters, “Seattle in Progress” map-based platform, Envision Scenario Planning (ESP).


2. Consultation – Limited two-way

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