The same action can be play or not-play—it all depends on attitude.

Ken Karakotsios,

In a business game, participants played the model. In industrial dynamics, participants built the model.

The SimCity network also illustrates how simulation makers—in this case, Wright—function as interdisciplinarians. By bridging conceptual domains, the analogies underwriting simulations bridge intellectual frameworks. Doing so allows separate communities to come together and exchange ideas even if, as Peter Galison observes, their worldviews are

helps you understand what happened but does not tell you how you should feel about it.

Maxis, as Janeway saw it, wasn’t a game company but a simulation firm making explanation models.

“the cultural pervasiveness of simulation” is a call to “develop a new social criticism” whose aim would be to help people understand, challenge, and rewrite simulation rules.

Urban Dynamics was roundly slammed by urban planners, social scientists, and experienced urban simulation practitioners,

Construction that takes place “in the head” often happens especially felicitously when it is supported by construction of a more public sort “in the world”—a