one consistent version of the state of ownership. Cryptography is used to implement identification, authentication, and authorization.

the chaining of the data blocks in the data structure is achieved by using a very special numbering system , which differs from the page numbering in ordinary books.

It turned out that maintaining integrity in distributed systems is the major purpose of the blockchain.

When used as a name for a data structure, blockchain refers to data put together into units called blocks . One can think of these blocks much like pages

managing ownership is a multibillion dollar market, and any technical innovation that could change the way we manage ownership will have a huge impact.

Independent hashing means applying the hash function to each piece of data independently.

Note that in this context blockchain refers to a purely distributed system as a whole instead of referring to a software unit that is part of a purely distributed system.

ledgers and therefore the transaction history cannot be changed once written.

true statements about ownership. Cryptography is necessary for creating a trustworthy means of identification, authentication, and authorization and ensuring data security.