Framework : Based on IAP2’s participation spectrum (inform, consult, collaborate, empower) – simplified into three categories:

1. Information – One-way communication (authorities → citizens).
   
   
   Examples : Official documents, newsletters, “Seattle in Progress” map-based platform, Envision Scenario Planning (ESP).


2. Consultation – Limited two-way

... See more

During the two decades between the founding of Hull House and the 1909Plan of Chicago, the city doubled in population from one to two million,25 withthe majority of newcomers being low-income migrants from Europe and ruralAmerica. While both Jane Addams and Daniel Burnham shared a progressive-minded zeal to “improve” the city of Chicago, their... See more