property is behind everything that has changed with time: evolution, culture, ideas, revolutions, political systems, technological innovation, cultural and economic success, corporate survival, good recipes (say, chicken soup or steak tartare with a drop of cognac), the rise of cities, cultures, legal systems, equatorial forests, bacterial resistan

anything that has more upside than downside from random events (or certain shocks) is antifragile; the reverse is fragile.

Antifragility is beyond resilience or robustness.

Antifragility has a singular property of allowing us to deal with the unknown, to do things without understanding them—and do them well.

Some things benefit from shocks; they thrive and grow when exposed to volatility, randomness, disorder, and stressors and love adventure, risk, and uncertainty.

We have been fragilizing the economy, our health, political life, education, almost everything … by suppressing randomness and volatility.

And antifragility determines the boundary between what is living and organic

complex systems are weakened, even killed, when deprived of stressors.

I.A.N.D. (International Association of Name Droppers),