Framework : Based on IAP2’s participation spectrum (inform, consult, collaborate, empower) – simplified into three categories:

1. Information – One-way communication (authorities → citizens).
   
   
   Examples : Official documents, newsletters, “Seattle in Progress” map-based platform, Envision Scenario Planning (ESP).


2. Consultation – Limited two-way

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There is evidence that participatory exercises tied to formal decision making processes - from participatory budgeting (C. Johnson, Carlson, and Reynolds 2021) to deliberative polling (Fishkin et al. 2024; “Collective Intelligence Case Studies,” n.d.) - lead to increased democratic engagement and satisfaction. This has the effect of bolstering... See more